IX Write a word or phrase from the box in the correct form in each gap to complete the sentences.

bully charity look into service sort out split up tease turn to

 

1. Mark seemed really happy before he and his girlfriend _____.

2. Ms Cramer really helped me _____ a few problems I had last year.

3. I won’t tolerate your _____ the other kids at school.

4. Our community offers many _____ to help teens and their families.

5. Now that I’ve heard of Helping Hand, I’m going to _____ their programmes right away.

6. It’s important to have someone you can _____ when you need to talk.

7. Do ever give money to _____?

8. When someone _____ you about your looks, it can really hurt your feelings.

 

 

18-20 Practical lesson

Rules of reading: Theletter Xx

Word formation: prefix re-

Text: Microbial metabolisms

Assignments to do:

I Remember:

a) Xx is pronounced as [gz] before shock vowel sound: exam, exit

Xx is pronounced as [ks] in other cases: text, next

b) prefix re– means once more: recycle, retell

 

II Read the words according to the rules of reading of the letter “Xx”:

Complex, axe, axis, example, external, waxy, dioxide, box, maximum, fox.

 

III Read and translate the following words:

Recalculation, rethink, retransformation, recall, retransmit, retrain, retransplantation.

 

IV Read and translate the text microbial metabolism

Microbial Metabolism

The life-support processes of even the most structurally simple organism involve a large number of complex biochemical reactions. Most, although not all of the biochemical processes of bacteria also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do. For example, some bacteria can live on cellulose, whereas others can live on petroleum. Through their metabolism, bacteria recycle elements after other organisms have used them. Still other bacteria can live on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia.

We use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living thing organism. Because chemical reactions either release or require energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided in classes of chemical reactions: those that release energy and those that require energy.

In living cells, the enzyme-regulated chemical reactions that release energy are generally the ones involved in catabolism, the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones. Those reactions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions and they are exergonic. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugar into carbon dioxide and water.

The enzyme-regulated energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of complex organic molecules from simper ones. These reactions are called anabolic, or biosynthetic synthesis reactions, and they are endergonic. Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth.

The role of ATP in coupling anabolic and catabolic reactions is shown in Figure 7. Only part of the energy released in catabolism is actually available for cellular functions because part of the energy is lost to the environment as heat. Because the cell must use energy to maintain life, it has a continuous need for new external sources of energy.

 

 

V Remember the following word and word-combinations:

Life-support, biochemical reactions, fascinating, petroleum, cellulose, diet, carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, ammonia, to require, to release, compound, hydrolytic reactions, exergonic, endergonic, amino acid, polysaccharide, cell growth.

 

VI True or false?

1. We use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living thing organism.

2. Catabolic reactions are endergonic.

3. Anabolic reactions are exergonic.

4. Bacteria can live on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia.

5. All energy released in catabolism is actually available for cellular functions because part of the energy is lost to the environment as heat.

 

VII Insert the missing words:

1. Reactions are called catabolic, or…

2. Reactions are called anabolic, or…

3. Catabolism occurs when cells break down sugar into…

 

VIII Give English equivalents to the following words:

Аминокислота, железо, сера, углерод, полисахарид, диоксид.

 

IX Answer the questions:

1. What does mean metabolism?

2. How metabolism is classified?

3. What is catabolism?

4. What is anabolism?

5. For what biosynthetic reactions do generate the materials?

 

X Retell the text.

 

21-23 Practical lesson

 

Rules of reading: Theletter Cc

Word building: suffix of adjective – ive

Text: Enzymes

Assignments to do:

I Remember:

a) Cc is pronounced as follows:

Before e,i,y [ s ]: city, center, circle

Before constants and other vowels [ k ]: come, cold, clear

b) - suffix –ive forms the adjectives from the verbs: connective, attentive, active, effective.

 

II Read the words according to the rules of reading of the letter “Cc”:

Cinema, computer, city, secret, cell, to call, accelerate, specific, cat, circle, cytoplasm.

 

III Put down the words into 2 columns: the words with the sounds [k], [s]

Cap, face, civil, clean, black, thick, icy, to catalyze, place, cake, cinema, accelerate, lecture, country, advice, car, nice, incident, Nick, across.

 

IV Form the adjectives from verbs:

To collect, to act, to effect, to respect, to connect, to create, to react.

 

V Read the international words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress:

Substance, reaction, catalyst, enzyme, protein, specific, active, molecule.