RefleXIVe pronouns (возвратные местоимения)

SINGULAR (ед.ч.)	PLURAL (мн.ч.)
+ SELF (сам,-а) My self Your self Him self Her self It self F/e: Do it yourself! (Сделай это сам!)	+ SELVES (сами) our selves your selves them selves f/e: They will do it themselves. (Они сделают это сами.)

WORD ORDER IN THE AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE (Порядок слов утв. предл.)

1 2 3 4

Подлежащее Сказуемое Дополнение Обстоятельство

Jane plays the piano very well.

P.S. Дополнение – косвенное (кому?) стоит перед прямым дополнением

Дополнение – прямое (кого? что?)

F/e: Give me a book. (me – косвенное; a book – прямое)

НО! Give a book to me (если косвенное дополнение стоит после прямого, то перед косвенным дополнением должен стоять предлог “to”)

 

WORD ORDER IN THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (Порядок слов вопр.пред.)

 

Вопр. слово Вспом. гл. Подлежащее Сказуемое Доп-ние Обст-тво

Does Jane play the piano very well?

WHAT does Jane play very well?

How does Jane play the piano?

Who plays the piano very well?

 

THE ENGLISH TENSES SYSTEM (Система времен английского глагола)

	PRESENT (наст.)	PAST (прош.)	FUTURE (буд.)
SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) (простое; неопределенное)	V; Vs	V2 (did)	shall V will V
CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) (длительное)	am is V ing are	was Ving were Ving	shall be Ving will be Ving
PERFECT SIMPLE (завершенное простое)	had V3	has V3 have V3	shall have V3 will have V3
PERFECT CONTINUOUS (завершенное длительное)	had been V ing	has been V ing have been V ing	shall have been V ing will have been V ing

 

SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN THE INDIRECT SPEECH

(СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН В КОСВЕННОЙ РЕЧИ)

	PRESENT SIMPLE	PRESENT PROGRESSIVE	PRESENT PERFECT	PAST PROGRESSIVE	PAST SIMPLE	FUTURE SIMPLE
Direct speech (Прямая речь)	V(s)	am is Ving are	has V3 have V3	Was Ving Were Ving	V2	Shall V Will V
	PAST SIMPLE	PAST CONTINUOUS	PAST PERFECT	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS	PAST PERFECT	FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
Indirect speech (Косвенная речь)	V2	Was Ving Were Ving	had V3	had been Ving	had V3	should V would V

Pronouns SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY and their derivatives

(местоимения SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY и их производные)

(+)	(-), (?)	(-)	(+), (-)
SOME (некоторый, несколько)	(not) ANY	NO	EVERY
SOME BODY (кто-то)	(not) ANY BODY (никто) (кто- то)	NO BODY (никто)	EVERY BODY (все, каждый)
SOME THING (что-то)	(not) ANY THING (ничто, ничего) (что-то)	NO THING (ничто, ничего)	EVERY THING (все)
SOME WHERE (где-то)	(not) ANY WHERE (нигде, где-то)	NO WHERE (нигде)	EVERY WHERE (везде)

+ I have some books.

- I have not any (no) books.

? Have you any books? – Yes, I have some. No, I haven’t any.

BUT! Would you like some coffee? – Не хотите ли выпить кофе?

May I have some tea? – Можно мне выпить чаю? (предложение, просьба)

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

(степени сравнения прилагательных)

POSITIVE (положительная)	COMPARATIVE (сравнительная)	SUPERLATIVE (превосходная)
SHORT SAD DRY WHITE WONDERFUL	+ ER SHORT ER SA DD ER   DR IE R WHIT ER MORE WONDERFUL	+ EST (the) SHORT EST (the) SA DD EST (the) DR IE ST (the) WHIT EST (the) MOST WONDERFUL

REMEMBER!

GOOD BAD LITTLE MANY, MUCH FAR LATE OLD

BETTER WORSE LESS MORE FARTHER, FURTHER LATTER /LATER OLDER/ ELDER

(the) BEST (the) WORST (the) LEAST (the) MOST (the) FARTHEST, FURTHEST THE LATEST, THE LAST THE OLDEST/ ELDEST

ADVERBS

FORMATION: SLOW + LY

 

QUICK LY, BAD LY, COLD LY, POLITE LY

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

(степени сравнения наречий)

POSITIVE (положительная)	COMPARATIVE (сравнительная)	SUPERLATIVE (превосходная)
FAST OFTEN	FAST ER MORE OFTEN	FAST EST MOST OFTEN

REMEMBER!

BADLY WELL LITTLE MUCH FAR

WORSE BETTER LESS MORE FARTHER, FURTHER

WORST BEST LEAST MOST FARTHEST, FURTHEST

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS (множественное число существительных)

NOUN + S (a book – books, a pen – pens)

IF NOUN ENDS (-s, -ss, -x, -o, -ch, -sh, -tch) + ES (a bench – benches)

SPELLING CHANGES:

1) СОГЛАСНАЯ + Y = I+ ES (A FACTO RY – FACTOR IES)

ГЛАСНАЯ + Y + S (a PL AY – PLA YS)

2) – F; - FE = V +ES A WOL F – WOL VES, A WI FE – WI VES)

REMEMBER! CHIEF + S (начальник), SAFE + S (сейф), CLIFF+S (утёс)

ROOF + S (крыша), HANDKERCHIEF + S (носовой платок, шейная косынка)

3) OE + S (A POTAT O – POTAT OES)

REMEMBER! PIANO + S, PHOTO + S

REMEMBER!	ONLY IN SINGULAR	ONLY IN PLURAL
A MAN – MEN A WOMAN – WOMEN A CHILD – CHILDREN AN OX – OXEN A GOOSE – GEESE A FOOT – FEET A TOOTH – TEETH A MOUSE - MICE A PERSON – PEOPLE	NEWS HAIR ADVICE KNOWLEDGE LUGGAGE FURNITURE INFORMATION PHYSICS	TROUSERS CLOTHES GOODS SPECTACLES SCISSORS ARCHIVES CATTLE
ALSO REMEMBER!	Has the same form for singular and plural form
AN ENGLISHMAN- ENGLISHMEN A FRENCHWOMAN- FRENCHWOMEN BUT! A GERMAN- GERMANS	A DEER – DEER A SHEEP – SHEEP A SWINE – SWINE A FISH- FISH A FRUIT- FRUIT

THE ARTICLE (АРТИКЛЬ)

 

INDEFINITE (неопределенный) A, AN	DEFINITE (определенный) THE
а p en (1-я согласная) an a pple (1-я гласная)	the pen the books the meat the rain

F/e: 1. THIS IS A BOOK. THE BOOK IS GOOD.

2. THIS IS _ MILK. THE MILK IS FRESH.

3. LOOK AT THE BLACKBOARD.

4. THIS IS A BIG APPLE.

 

THE ARTICLES ARE NOT USED!

 

1. AFTER AND BEFORE PRONOUNS (my, your, his, her, our, their, this, that, these, those) – It’s my a hat. Take that a book.

2. BEFORE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (liquid, natural phenomenon, abstract matter, substance that must be weighed (flour, sugar, rice etc.) materials) – a water, a rain, an air, a butter.

3. AFTER POSSESSIVE CASE – My father’s a car.

4. AFTER AND BEFORE CARDINAL NUMERAL (one, two etc.) – He has one an English book.

5. AFTER NEGATIVE PRONOUN “NO” – There is no a letter on the table.

6. BEFORE AND AFTER ADJECTIVES – This apple is a big. BUT! This is a big apple.