Упражнение 5. Пробуем говорить.

Для того, чтобы ответить на вопросы, измените их на утвердительные предложения. Используйте сам вопрос, начиная с подчеркнутой части, в некоторых меняя you на/, ставя на второе место сказуемое (действие).

Are programming languages artificial or natural? What types of programming languages do you know? What programming languages are preferable to programmers? What programming languages can you name? Which of them do yQU like best?

What programming languages have you already worked with? What are the differences between them?

Упражнение 6. Match the words to the definitions:

Сопоставьте названия и определения к ним. Можно проговаривать вслух: "High-level language is...":

1. High-level language 1. a programming language, such as

COBOL, designed to describe the steps necessary to solve certain types of problems.

2. Low-level language 2. a programming language, such as

RPG, designed to describe more readily the problems to be solved, rather than to specify the steps to be taken to solve the problem.

3. Procedure-oriented language 3. a programming language, using

symbolic code, that is based on the machine language of a particular computer and requires an assem­bler to translate it into actual ma­chine language.

4. Problem-oriented language 4. a programming language that

correspondes closely to the machine language of a computer, such as an assembly language.

5. Machine language 5. a programming language, such as

BASIC or COBOL or..., that is not dependent upon the machine Ian guage of a computer, requires a compiler to translate it into machine language, and has been designed to allow the use of words similar to those in the English language.

6. Machine-oriented language 6. the programming language com­

prised of a set of unique machine codes that can be directly executed by a given computer.

Упражнение 7. Сопоставьте заголовки и тексты-объяснения:

1. We know at least three meanings of this word. First, it is the rules and conventions governing the interpretation of and assignment of meaning to a construction in a language. Hence, semantics is the science of the development of the meanings and changes in words. And since any programming language is a language, a programmer can describe se­mantics as the relationship between the words and symbols in a pro­gramming language and the meanings assigned to them.

2. It is a grammatical structure in sentences. In programming languages, syntax means the rules governing the structure of statements used in a program: for example, the statements in some programming languages must begin in certain columns and be terminated with a specific symbol, such as a period, in order to be executed properly.

3. Though parsing is essentially the same as syntax analysis, it differs greatly from syntax analysis of a natural language. Parsing is the proc­ess of separating a programmipg statement into the basic units that can be translated into machine instructions: this process is performed by a language processor according to the laid down rules in a given programming language.

(_) PARSING

(_) SYNTAX ANALYSIS

(_) SEMANTICS. SYNTAX.

Упражнение 8. Постарайтесь перевести словосочетания самостоятельно, помня, что все они относятся к языковой лексике. Проверьте себя по ключу:

a) context-free grammar; lexical analyzer; parse tree; derivation sequence; context free language; token; shift-reduce parsing; absolute language; explicit language; nested language; reference language; requirement state­ment language; time-sharing language;

b) computer-dependent language; computer-independent language; con­versational language; declarative language; defining language; descrip­tive language; end-user language; control language; human language; human-oriented language; machine-dependent language; machine-in- dependent language; multidimensional language; one-dimensional lan­guage; synthetic language; self-contained language; source language; super-high-level language; interactive language.

Упражнение 9. Give synonyms for the following: Подберите синонимы для следующих выражений:

man-to-computer language, artificial language, very-high-level language, natural language, parsing, absolute language.