Ex. 16. Listen to the following taxts and answer the questions.

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

The Indian Institute of Science was started with the Departments of Electrical Technology and Pure and Applied Chemistry. The Department of Biochemistry was formed in 1921. In 1935 when Sir C. V. Raman became the Director of the Institute, the Department of Physics was started. During the Second World War, the Depart­ment of Aeronautical Engineering was established. After the War, a scheme of expansion was planned. This inclu­ded improvement in and expansion of the existing de­partments.

The Institute has been a pioneer in advanced instruc­tion and research in science and engineering in India, and had contributed substantially to the scientific and industrial development of the country. A number of indu­stries has been established as a result of the research carried out in the laboratories of the Institute. The faci­lities available in these laboratories are made use of both by private and Government-owned industries.

1. What Institute is described in the text? 2. When was the Department of Biochemistry formed? 3. What department was started by Sir Raman in 1935? 4. When was the Department of Aeronautical Engineering establi­shed? 5. When did it become possible to improve and expand the existing departments? 6. In what way had the Institute contributed substantially to the scientific and industrial development of the country?

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

The largest and most diversified program of civil research in Canada is carried out by the National Re­search Council (NRC). Its laboratories are engaged in many investigations of interest to Canadian industry. Some are undertaken on the initiative of the council itself in order to develop promising ideas of its own scientists; some are taken up on recommendations of the Council's associate committees, which include represen­tatives from industry who are interested in particular problems; and others are undertaken in co-operation with individual companies. Routine test work is avoided except when the Council is asked to certify performance of equipment as an independent body.

Each problem presented to the Council is considered on its merits and dealt with in what seems the most practical way: those of national interest may be under­taken at the expense of the Council; the expense of company problems of less than national scope may be shared by the company and NRC; when facilities are not avail­able elsewhere, specific industrial research may be under­taken by NRC, the results of which become the property of the "company,

 1. Where is the largest and most diversified program of civil research carried out in Canada? 2. How does the work of NRC contribute to Canadian industry? 3. In what way are the problems presented to the Council dealt with? 4. At what expense is the research on the problems carried out?

THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been an educational pioneer since its founding. It virtually created the modern profession of chemical engineering and was the first technological institution to recognize and provide for economics as an important element in the education of the engineer. The Institute was the first to establish courses in aeronautical engineering, architectural engineering, chemical engineering, food technology, industrial biology, marine engineering, and naval architecture.

The Institute is at present taking the leadership in upgrading and modernizing the education of engineers. Its Electrical Engineering Department has led the way by a drastic overhaul of its curriculum which embodies a more fundamental approach to electrical engineering. This spirit is now finding rapid acceptance through the School of Engineering.

At present the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has the most comprehensive and varied research programme in the physical sciences and technology to be found in any one place in the world. It has at present under way 900 separate research projects. There is scarcely any aspect of American science and technology that is not touched — and advanced — by its creative activity.

1. Has the MIT been an educational pioneer since its founding? 2. Where was the modern profession of che­mical engineering created? 3. What was recognized as an important element in the education of the engineer? 4. What courses were established for the first time by the MIT? 6. How many separate research projects has the MIT under way at present?