They are working hard this week.

Are they working hard this week? (general) Who is working hard this week? (special)

Are they working hard this week or next week? (alternative) They are working hard this week, aren‘t they? (disjunctive)

1. I am working on my report on Public sociology in the reading room now.

 

 

2. He is recording our conversation.

 

 

3. The media are continually offering picture of life and models of behavior in ad- vance of actual experience.

 

 

4. My textbook is lying on the table.

 

 

5. Students are reading an interesting article.

 

6. She is studying Social sciences.

 

 

7. We are gradually adjusting a new way of working.

 

 

8. They are taking a course in Social networks.

 

 

9. David Jones is interviewing a Member of The European Sociological Association.

 

 

10. Sociologists are preparing for the presentation.

 

 

E x erci se 4

Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the Present Continuous Tense

1. Современное общество становится все более и более сложной системой.

2. Студенты все еще собирают материал для социологического исследования.

3. Кто проводит эксперимент в лаборатории сейчас?

4. Представитель Международной социологической ассоциации выступает с

докладом на тему «Социальная теория и социальная практика».

5. В данный момент мы с Джоном пишем отчет о результатах прикладного со-

циологического исследования.

6. На данном этапе мы проводим цифровую обработку полученной информа-

ции, собранной в ходе социологического исследования, на основе специальных ком- пьютерных программ.

7. Кто сейчас инструктирует респондентов по основным терминам, которыми им следует руководствоваться при прохождении анкетирования?

8. Где участники конференции проводят обсуждение тем социологической те-

матики?

9. Все более популярным вариантом социологического мышления становится

теория рационального выбора.

10. Сейчас она читает журнал «Гуманитарные и социальные науки».

 

GLOSSARY

to solve problem	решать вопрос/задачу/проблему
approach	подход; метод; способ; принцип
inquiry	запрос; опрос; исследование; изучение
report	доклад; сообщение; отчѐт
conclusions	выводы; результаты
to record	записывать; регистрировать; фиксировать
to observe	вести исследование; вести научное наблюдение; наблю- дать (за явлением, процессом)
to demonstrate	демонстрировать; показывать; иллюстрировать
conversation	разговор; беседа
article	статья
to adjust	согласовывать; адаптировать; настраивать; устанавливать
social theory	социальная теория
applied research	прикладное исследование
digital processing	цифровая обработка
rational choice theory	теория рационального выбора
actual experience	действительный/реальный опыт

Unit 5

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Positive	Negative	Interrogative
I have worked.	I have not worked.	Have I worked?
We have worked.	We have not worked.	Have we worked?
You have worked.	You have not worked.	Have you worked?
He has worked.	He has not worked.	Has he worked?
She has worked.	She has not worked.	Has she worked?
It has worked.	It has not worked.	Has it worked?
They have worked.	They have not worked.	Have they worked?
I‘ve worked.	I haven‘t worked.
He‘s worked.	He hasn‘t worked.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

The Present Perfect Tense is used

To express an action or state which began in the past and still continues, especially with state verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc. In this case, we often use for or since.

I‘ve been a teacher for 10 years. He‘s had a car since he was 18.

To express an action which happened in the past and is finished, but we are not in- terested in when. We are interested in the experience as part of someone‘s life.

Have you ever been to Paris? (in your life.)

For an action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present.

The taxi has arrived. (It‘s outside the house now.) She has broken her leg. (She can‘t walk now.)

For an action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking. We often use words and expressions such as today, this morn- ing/evening/week/month, etc.

I‘ve drunk four cups of coffee today. Have you had a holiday this year?

The Present Perfect is used with the following time expressions: for, since, already, yet, always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/month, etc., how long, lately, recent- ly, still (in negations), etc.

E x erci se 1                  

Read and translate the following sentences. Find the predicate; define its person and number. Explain the use of the Present Perfect Tense in each sentence

1. These branches of sociology have contributed to the formation of science and technology studies.

2. Most colleges and universities have established clear guidelines on ethical princi-

ples.

3. Television also has created new social situations: people realize that when the camera points at them, their behaviour is being watched instantaneously by millions.

4. Unlike many other ethnic groups entering American society, Hispanic-Americans

have not merged readily into the dominant culture.

5. Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last century; life span has not.

6. Education has become an increasingly important source of socialisation in the last

century as society becomes less rural and more urban.

7. How have the modern electronic media changed the content and communication

of culture?

8. Has television changed how we view the world as well as the content of those

views?

9. Urbanisation has unquestionably contributed many positive things to modern life.

10. Social Security has had both positive and negative consequences for older people.

 

E x erci se 2

Complete the conversation. Mind that some sentences are negative or interrogative.

Use a verb from this list

Betsy: Hi Brian, this is Betsy. How are you doing?

Brian: I just                         participation in the 13th Conference of the European So- ciological Association.

Betsy: You                           your presentation yet?

Brian: Yes, I made the presentation yesterday afternoon. I was very nervous, but everything went well.

Betsy: The Chairman of the Organizing Committee                     you any feedback?

Brian: Yes, I already                              with the Chairman.

Betsy: That's great Brian. Congratulations!

Betsy: Well, I'm happy to hear that everything is going well. I'll talk to you soon.

Brian: Thanks for calling Betsy. Bye.

Betsy: Bye.

 

E x erci se 3

Ask questions of 4 types (general, special, alternative and disjunctive) about each sentence

Model