Слова и словосочетания (клише)

для оформления пересказа-реферата

В стиле устного высказывания

 

The book (monograph, article, passage) is entitled/headed “…”.

The passage (article) under the heading “…” is devoted to ….

 

The article concerns (considers, deals with, comments on, covers, examines)... the problem of (the analysis of, material on, the description of, the state-of-the-art of, current views of, information on….

The author …

- analyses, describes, examines, considers, reviews, studies …

- presents, reports on, demonstrates, shows, concentrates on, focuses on, draws attention to, emphasizes, points out, stresses, gives a thorough treatment of …

- suggests, proposes, offers …

- comes up with an idea that, introduces the conception of …

- reasons, hypotheses, theorizes that …

- advocates, argues for/against, questions, criticizes, favors …

- denounces, supports, believes …

- raises objections against, is in favor of, is opposed to …

- mentions, touches on, outlines, gives a rough sketch of …

- continues, goes on to say that, proceeds to explain that …

- sums up, summarizes, makes a conclusion that …

- finishes by saying that …

 

The main idea of … is … … in many ways

The problem of how to deal with … is discussed … in a shorthand form

The issue concerning… is considered … according to …

The matter regarding… is dealt with … in terms of …

The problem associated with … is treated … in relation to …

The point under consideration … is covered … in the framework …

The subject at (in) hand is touched upon … in the context of …

The topic in question is defined at the beginning of …

The discussion covered in … is brought about by in the next section …

The case involved in … caused by … at the end of …

The case is attributed to … at different times

 

It is believed (pointed out, sais, suggested, underlined) that …

 

Слова-организаторы,

Вводящие логический контекст

Слова, подтверждающие приведенные выше соображения

Поэтому, следовательно therefore, consequently, hence, so, thus

Таким образом thus, so

Тем самым thus, thereby (therewith)

В результате as a result, as a consequence, in consequence

Соответственно, в соответствии according to, in accordance with, accordingly

По этой причине for that reason

Аналогичным образом similarly, in much the same way

При этом thereby, by doing so, here

А именно that is to say, namely, viz

То есть that is (to say), id est (i.e.)

Например for example, for instance, i.e., e.g.,

Слова, отрицающие приведенные выше соображения

Однако however, but

С другой стороны on the other hand, alternatively

Тем не менее nevertheless, non the less, even so

Все же yet

И наоборот in contrast, alternately

В противоположность этому contrary to this

Слова, расширяющие приведенные выше соображения

Кроме того besides

В свою очередь in turn

В данном случае here, also, in this case

По другим причинам for other reasons

Слова, ограничивающие приведенные выше соображения

Для этой цели for this purpose

Для поставленной цели for the purpose in view

С этой целью toward this end, to this end

Для этого to do this, doing this

С этой точки зрения viewed this way, from this point of view, on this viewpoint

В этом отношении in this respect

В данном случае specifically, now, here

В лучшем случае at most

Во всяком случае in any case, if anything

Слова, указывающие на последовательность изложения работы

Сначала first, firstly

Во-первых firstly

Во-вторых secondly

Выше above

Ниже below

Первоначально firstly, from the first, initially

С самого начала from the very beginning

Для начала as a start

До сих пор so far, thus far, to this point

Недавно recently, of late

Прежде всего first of all, to begin with

До последнего времени until lately

За последние несколько лет in the last few years

В то время at that time

В течение некоторого времени for some time

В течение, за это время during that period

К тому времени by the time

На этот раз this time

С тех пор since

С того времени since that time

Далее then, next, now, hereafter

Позднее later (on)

В дальнейшем in what follow

Затем then, subsequently

В ближайшем будущем in the near(est) future

На будущий год next year, in the following year

Наконец, в конце концов eventually, finally, ultimately