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US HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

PHYSICIANS

Physicians diagnose diseases and injuries, administer treatment, and advise patients on good diet and other ways to stay healthy. The United States has two kinds of physicians, the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and the Doctor of Osteopathy (DO). Both use medicines, surgery, and other standard methods of treating disease. DOs place special emphasis on problems involving the musculoskeletal system, which includes muscles, ligaments, bones, and joints. Patients receive medical care from primary care doctors and specialists. Primary care doctors include general practitioners, family physicians, general internists, and general pediatricians. Many women also use obstetricians-gynecologists as primary care doctors. Patients usually consult a primary care doctor when they first become ill or injured. Primary care physicians can treat most common disorders, and provide comprehensive, lifelong care for individuals and families. But medical knowledge has advanced so far that no physician can master an entire field of medicine. Primary care doctors may refer patients with unusually complicated problems to specialists with advanced training in a particular disease or field of medicine. Specialists may even concentrate in one particular area, and become subspecialists. Each specialist in internal medicine, for instance, is an expert in diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of adult diseases. But some internists take advanced training to become subspecialists in treating adolescents, heart disease, elderly people, cancer, or arthritis.

OTHER HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

The largest professional group is nurses. Registered nurses help physicians during examinations, treatment, and surgery. They observe, evaluate, and record patients’ symptoms, administer medications, and provide other care. Nurse practitioners perform basic duties once reserved for physicians, such as diagnosing and treating common illnesses and prescribing medication. Certified nurse-midwives care for mothers during pregnancy and deliver babies. Nurse-anesthetists administer anesthesia to patients during surgery. Licensed practicalnurses provide basic bedside care for sick patients under the supervision of registered nurses and physicians. Physician assistants deliver basic health services under the general supervision of a physician. They examine patients, order X rays and laboratory tests, and prescribe drugs or other treatment. In some rural areas, physician assistants provide all basic health care for patients, consulting with a supervising physician by telephone or electronic mail. Dentists diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of the teeth, gums, and other tissues in the mouth and jaws. Most are general practitioners, but many specialize in a particular area of dental health. Orthodontists treat teeth that are poorly aligned; oral surgeons operate on the jaw and mouth; periodontists specialize in gum disease; pediatric dentists care for children; endodontists perform root canals; prosthodontists make and insert artificial teeth and dentures. Other dental professionals include dental hygienists who assist dentists in surgery, clean teeth, and provide fluoride treatments. They advise patients on proper oral hygiene techniques to prevent tooth and gum disease.

ПОДУМАЙ

1. What’s the principle difference between: the emergence services in the RF and the USA? Medical education in the RF and the USA? The outpatient services in the RF and the USA?
2. What is the major focus of the Regional / City Health Care System nowadays?
3. Are there any chances within the local system?
4. Do we face such problem as drug addicts, AIDS transmission?
5. What can you suggest to improve status quo?

ЗАУЧИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ

• Hospital – institution that provides a broad range of medical services to sick, injured, or pregnant patients. Hospitals employ medical, nursing.
• Intensive Care Unit or ICU – high-technology medical facility that provides medical care for patients with acute, life-threatening conditions.
• Nursing Home – residence that is equipped and staffed to provide care for people with serious medical conditions.
• Hospice – service that provides patient in the last several months of a terminal illness with medical care and counseling.