Понятие конверсии в английском

Конверсия — это способ образования новых слов другой части речи без изменения формы слова, без помощи словообразовательных элементов. Например, от существительного work (работа) образовался глагол to work (работать), а от прилагательного wet (влажность) — глагол to wet (увлажнять). Если такого рода слова — конверсивы — встречаются в тексте, и сразу нельзя определить их принадлежность к той или иной части речи, то необходимо определить функциональные особенности данного конверсива, другими словами — выяснить, каким членом предложения оно является. Следует также обращать внимание на сопутствующие данным словам предлоги, артикли и т.д.

Например. The result of the match was 1:0 to England. (The result — существительное: наличие артикля, функция подлежащего) Heavy rains result in floods. (Result — глагол: функция сказуемого)

Традиционно в словаре приводится весь комплекс значений какого-либо слова (существительного, прилагательного, глагола). Однако нет смысла читать всю словарную статью подряд: сначала нужно определить, какой частью речи является данное слово, исходя из его лексико-грамматических признаков и прежде всего функции в предложении, и лишь затем искать в словаре соответствующее лексическое значение и подбирать наиболее подходящий вариант перевода.

 

2. Поставьте артикли a/an или theтам, где необходимо.

1. I’d like … chicken sandwich and … glass of … mineral water.
2. Would you like … banana or … strawberries?
3. She always has … apple, … toast and … cup of … coffee for … breakfast.)
4. The fly is on … ceiling in … kitchen. (
5. My mother is … accountant and my father is … lawyer. They work in … same company in … centre of … our town.
6. How much are … her Italian lessons? – Ten dollars … hour. (.)
7. Where are … dogs? – They are in … garden..)
8. … cats like eating … fish. … cows like eating … grass. … birds like eating … insects. ()
9. My favourite subjects are … chemistry and … biology. (
10. There is … parrot in … cage. And there are … pieces of … fruit in it. (
11. My granny lives in … small village in … country. (
12. Your baby shouldn’t sit in … sun on … hot day. (
13. Please open … book. … exercise is on … page 68. (
14. Ann has been looking for … job for … long time. (
15. What’s … matter? - I missed … 6 o’clock train. (
16. Do you like … vegetables?
17. … mother has got … terrible headache today. (
18. There were … tears in … her eyes. (
19. She is … very nice woman but her sons are … bad boys. (
20. Look at … woman. She is … neighbor I told you about. (

3. Поставьте артикли a/anили the, где необходимо.

1. Yesterday I bought … pair of … shoes. Unfortunately … shoes are too tight. (
2. We had … dinner in … restaurant … last night. – What is … name of … restaurant?

 

1. Tony has two children: … boy and … girl. They are … twins. … girl is in … France now. (.)
2. Would you like another piece of … cake? – No, … cake is too fat for me. (
3. His office is on … Floor 5. And I live on … tenth floor. (
4. Little Mike leaves for … school very early because … school is quite far from … his home.
5. Lara saw … letter under … door. She read … letter and started crying. (
6. Did you enjoy … food at … party … last Friday? (
7. Roger is … scientist, he works for … government. (
8. We go to … gym twice … week.

4. Поставьте артикли там, где необходимо.

1. I come to … work by … bus. Today … bus was a bit late. (
2. … Jack is … youngest but … cleverest boy at … school. (

 

1. It rained, so I stayed at … home in … evening. But today … sun is shining brightly in … sky

 

1. On … Monday … kids were tired and they went to … bed very early. (
2. My wife is … best woman in … world and I’m … happiest husband!
3. They are having … test on … third of December. (
4. What … beautiful painting! … artist is such … talented person. (
5. Robin Hood robbed … rich and helped … poor.
6. David is … old friend of mine. He plays … guitar perfectly. His sister has been playing … tennis since … age of ten. (
7. … Jacksons live in that lovely cottage with … fantastic garden.
8. Sam used … drugs and was sent to … prison in … August. What … shame
9. … Harrisons are not religious and they never go to … church.
10. He has been in … hospital for … month
11. … English are very fond of … gardening. (
12. I’ve tried to learn … Japanese many times. (
13. She is … famous actress and she often appears on … TV. (
14. It’s such … original idea! Besides you’ve got … good sense of humour. (
15. On … rainy day … castle looks like … prison. (

 

5. Поставьте артикли с именами собственными, если это необходимо.

1. … Cairo is … capital of … Egypt.
2. It was so picturesque in … Crimea … last summer
3. ... London stands on … Thames. (
4. I had … my holiday in … northern Italy … last year but I’m going to cross … Atlantic ocean and visit … USA … next year. (
5. … Moon moves round … Earth.
6. … Great Patriotic war started in 1941.
7. … Volga is … longest river in … Russia. (

 

1. … Ukraine and … Turkey are separated by … Black sea. (

 

1. My friend usually goes to … Alps in … spring by … plane
2. … Urals are lower than … Caucasus. (
3. … Great Britain is situated on … two large islands. (
4. … Christmas and … Easter are my favourite holidays.
5. It takes about … hour to get from … Domodedovo airport to … Lenin street.
6. What’s … weather like today in … Australia? (
7. … Colorado river flows through … Grand Canyon. (
8. My English friend took me to see … National gallery, … Houses of … Parliament and … Tower bridge.
9. … Statue of … Liberty was … present from … French people.
10. … Galaxy where we live is called … Milky Way.

 

 

1. Распределите следующие существительные на две группы.

paper – bottle – porridge – happiness - pencil - coffee – girl – work – job – plate – dog – meat - news – apricot – toothpaste – time - bedroom – money - magazine – information – honey - metal – child – yoghurt – rice – spaghetti – water – air – spoon – mustard - egg – chair – shampoo – raincoat – flower – flour – bread – soap – toy – food – knowledge – garden – oil – furniture - friend

2. Составьте словосочетания с неисчисляемыми существительными, используя слова из первой и второй колонок. Возможны несколько вариантов. Переведите словосочетания.

Н-р: a bag of sugar – пакет сахара

a loaf cheese

a bottle toothpaste

a slice soup

a liter sardines

a glass bread

a bar lemonade

a jar meat

a kilo wine

a tube soap

a tin orange jam

a plate chocolate

 

4. Поставьте How many? или How much?

1. … salt do you usually put in the soup?
2. … cups of tea shall I bring?
3. … films did you see?
4. … friends has he got?
5. … free time do we have?
6. … juice is there in the fridge?
7. … money did they spend?
8. … tomatoes are there in the bag?
9. … kilos of potatoes did you buy?
10. … slices of cheese are left on the plate?

 

Упражнение 1. Вставьте в пропуски many, much, few, little по смыслу.
ПРИМЕР
I can rest today, I have few things to do. (мало)
I am very busy today, I have many things to do. (много)

1. It was not a secret, very ________ people knew about it.
2. I was a secret, very ________ people knew about it.
3. She ate so ______ apple pie yesterday that she is never going to eat it again.
4. They ate so _____ oranges that they had a stomachache.
5. We can’t get into the taxi, we are too _________
6. They were _____ and decided not to attack.
7. My sister did a lot of shopping and spent ________ money.
8. The old man was poor. He had ______ money to live on.
9. I have so ________books to read that I don’t know what to start with.
10. Nowadays he was very busy and he saw______of his old friends.

Упражнение 5. Вставьте в пропуски much, many, (a) little, (a) few по смыслу.

1. There isn’t ________ harm in that.
2. Give _______ milk to the kitten, please?
3. _____ was said but there are still ______things I should like to add.
4. Susan returned to the city at the moment when______were leaving it.
5. I have so______things to do that I don’t know which to do first.
6. I suggested that he should get______ wine and some bread.
7. I began to miss London very _____
8. The cat has eaten so______that it can’t move.
9. ______was said (было сказано) but______ was done (было сделано).
10. _____ heard about the book, but______read it.

5. Поставьте подходящее слово из скобок.

1. There is too … (much/many/a few) salt in the soup. (В супе слишком много соли.)
2. There are … (much/a little/a few) sky-scrapers in our city. (В нашем городе есть несколько небоскребов.)
3. I’ve got … (much/a few/a little) albums of this singer. (У меня есть несколько альбомов этого исполнителя.)
4. My job allows me to travel … (much/many/a few). (Моя работа позволяет мне много путешествовать.)
5. We’ve got … (little/many/few) free time. (У нас мало свободного времени.)
6. I have never seen so … (much/little/many) stars in the sky. (Я никогда не видел так много звезд в небе.)
7. Anna spent … (much/a few/a little) days in Rome. (Анна провела несколько дней в Риме.)
8. I’d like just … (much/a few/a little) tea. (Я бы хотел лишь немного чая.)
9. There was very … (little/few/many) rain last autumn. (Прошлой осенью было очень мало дождей.)
10. Very … (few/little/much) Russian tourists are staying at our hotel. (Очень мало русских туристов проживает в нашем отеле.)